This topic focuses on solving problems using the Pythagorean theorem, which states that in a right triangle, the square of the length of the hypotenuse (c) is equal to the sum of the squares of the lengths of the other two sides (a and b). The problems consist of finding a missing side length of a triangle given the lengths of the other two sides, using integer values. Each problem provides equations with one side length left as a variable to solve for, either 'a', 'b', or 'c'. The problems test the ability to apply algebraic reasoning and understanding of the Pythagorean relation.