The math topic focuses on identifying Pythagorean triples, sets of three integers that satisfy the Pythagorean theorem, \(a^2 + b^2 = c^2\), where \(c\) is the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. Each question requires finding another set of integer side lengths that forms a right triangle, aiding in understanding and application of the Pythagorean theorem and properties of right triangles.